The opening and closing months of 2024 saw federal enforcement against a number of location data brokers that track and sell users’ whereabouts through apps installed on their smartphones. In January, the Federal Trade Commission brought successful enforcement actions against X-Mode Social and InMarket, banning the companies from selling precise location data—a first prohibition of this kind for the FTC. And in December, the FTC widened its net to two additional companies—Gravy Analytics (Venntel) and Mobilewalla—barring them from selling or disclosing location data on users visiting sensitive areas such as reproductive health clinics or places of worship. In previous years, the FTC has sued location brokers such as Kochava, but the invasive practices of these companies have only gotten worse. Seeing the federal government ramp up enforcement is a welcome development for 2024.

As regulators have clearly stated, location information is sensitive personal information. Companies can glean location information from your smartphone in a number of ways. Apps that include Software Development Kits (SDKs) from some companies will instruct the app to send back troves of sensitive information for analytical insights or debugging purposes. The data brokers may offer market insights or financial incentives for app developers to include their SDKs. Other companies will not ask apps to directly include their SDKs, but will participate in Real-Time Bidding (RTB) auctions, placing bids for ad-space on devices in locations they specify. Even if they lose the auction, they can glean valuable device location information just by participating. Often, apps will ask for permissions such as location data for legitimate reasons aligned with the purpose of the app: for example, a price comparison app might use your whereabouts to show you the cheapest vendor of a product you’re interested in for your area. What you aren’t told is that your location is also shared with companies tracking you.

A number of revelations this year gave us better insight into how the location data broker industry works, revealing the inner-workings of powerful tools such as Locate X, which allows even those claiming to work with law enforcement at some point in the future to access troves of mobile location data across the planet. The mobile location tracking company FOG Data Science, which in 2022 EFF revealed to be selling troves of information to local police, was this year found also to be soliciting law enforcement for information on the doctors of suspects in order to track them via their doctor visits.

A number of revelations this year gave us better insight into how the location data broker industry works

EFF detailed how these tools can be stymied via technical means, such as changing a few key settings on your mobile device to disallow data brokers from linking your location across space and time. We further outlined legislative avenues to ensure structural safeguards are put in place to protect us all from an out-of-control predatory data industry.

In addition to FTC action, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau proposed a new rule meant to crack down on the data broker industry. As the CFPB mentioned, data brokers compile highly sensitive information—like information about a consumer's finances, the apps they use, and their location throughout the day. The rule would include stronger consent requirements and protections for personal data that has been purportedly de-identified. Given the abuses the announcement cites, including the distribution and sale of “detailed personal information about military service members, veterans, government employees, and other Americans,” we hope to see adoption and enforcement of this proposed rule in 2025.

This year has seen a strong regulatory appetite to protect consumers from harms which in bygone years would have seemed unimaginable: detailed records on the movements of nearly everyone, packaged and made available for pennies. We hope 2025 continues this appetite to address the dangers of location data brokers.

This article is part of our Year in Review series. Read other articles about the fight for digital rights in 2024.